BBC News. (2013, March 23). ASEAN voices support for Malaysia following Lahad Datu incident. BBC News. http://www.bbc.com/news/asia

This BBC News article reports on ASEAN’s collective backing of Malaysia’s sovereignty in response to the 2013 Lahad Datu incursion by armed groups linked to the Sulu Sultanate. The show of regional solidarity underscores the political challenges faced by the Sulu heirs in their territorial claims. It also highlights the broader geopolitical implications of the Sulu issue for Southeast Asian stability.

David, R. A., Jr. (2003). The causes and prospect of the Southern Philippines secessionist movement (Master’s thesis, Naval Postgraduate School). Naval Postgraduate School. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA420828.pdf

David examines the historical roots and contemporary implications of the Moro secessionist movement in Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago, focusing on the impact of colonial policies, demographic shifts, and economic marginalization. He explores how the politicization of Moro identity, land disputes, and autonomy efforts—such as the 1996 Peace Agreement—have shaped modern claims to sovereignty in the region. The thesis highlights the role of external actors, including the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), and the continued struggle for self-determination by groups like the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). David argues that unresolved grievances, particularly in Sulu, contribute to ongoing instability.

Fowler, D. B. (1985). The Moro problem: An historical perspective (Report No. ADA159537). U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA159537.pdf

In "The Moro Problem: An Historical Perspective," Dennis Bryce Fowler (1985) examines the enduring resistance of the Muslim populations in the southern Philippines, particularly the Tausug people, against Spanish, American, and subsequent Christian Filipino governance. He explores how the desire for a homogeneous Islamic government and the denial of autonomy have perpetuated the Moro insurgency, with a focus on the Sulu Archipelago's historical and ongoing claims for self-determination.

Gowing, P. G., & McAmis, R. D. (Eds.). (1974). The Muslim Filipinos: Their history, society, and contemporary problems. Philippine Federation of Christian Churches. https://archive.org/details/muslimfilipinost0000gowi

In The Muslim Filipinos: Their History, Society, and Contemporary Problems, editors Peter G. Gowing and Robert D. McAmis (1974) compile scholarly essays that delve into the historical development of Muslim communities in the Philippines, with a particular focus on the Sulu Archipelago. The work examines the establishment of the Sultanate of Sulu, the spread of Islam in the region, and the enduring cultural and political autonomy of the Tausūg people. Key discussions include the impact of colonial encounters on Sulu's sovereignty and the modern assertions of territorial and cultural claims by the Sulu Sultanate.

Kiefer, Thomas M. (1972) The Tausug: Violence and Law in a Philippine Moslem Society. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston. https://archive.org/details/tausugviolencela0000kief

In "The Tausug: Violence and Law in a Philippine Moslem Society," Thomas M. Kiefer provides an in-depth ethnographic study of the Tausug people of the Sulu Archipelago. He examines the intricate relationship between violence and legal systems within Tausug society, exploring concepts such as "maratabat" (honor) and "kagiban" (vengeance). Kiefer's analysis delves into the cultural norms and social structures that govern conflict resolution and the maintenance of social order among the Tausug.

Majul, C. A. (1981). An Analysis of the “Genealogy of Sulu.” Archipel, 22(1), 167–182. https://doi.org/10.3406/arch.1981.1677

In "An Analysis of the 'Genealogy of Sulu'," Majul (1981) examines the tarsilas—written genealogical records—of the Sulu Sultanate to trace the lineage and historical narratives of its rulers. He discusses the arrival of key figures such as Tuan Masha'ika and Sayyid Abu Bakr, highlighting their roles in the Islamization and political development of the region.

Malindog-Uy, A. (2024, January 7). The Enduring Legacy of the East King of Sulu in Chinese-Filipino Diplomacy. Asian Century Journal. https://asiancenturyph.com/2024/01/07/the-enduring-legacy-of-the-east-king-of-sulu-in-chinese-filipino-diplomacy/

In "The Enduring Legacy of the East King of Sulu in Chinese-Filipino Diplomacy," the Asian Century Journal (2024) explores the 15th-century voyage of Sultan Paduka Batara, the East King of Sulu, to China, where he established diplomatic relations with the Ming Dynasty. The article highlights historical ties between Sulu and China, influencing contemporary discussions on sovereignty and territorial claims in the region.

Marston, G. (1970). International Law and The Sabah Dispute. Australian Yearbook of International Law, 3. https://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUYrBkIntLaw/1970/4.pdf

In "International Law and The Sabah Dispute," Geoffrey Marston provides a concise analysis of the legal arguments surrounding the territorial conflict over Sabah. He examines the positions of both Malaysia and the Philippines, assessing their claims under international law. Marston concludes that, despite the complexity of the dispute, Malaysia's sovereignty over Sabah is well-founded.

Marston, G. (1971). International Law and The Sabah Dispute: A Postscript. Australian Yearbook of International Law, 8. https://www4.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUYrBkIntLaw/1971/8.pdf

In "International Law and the Sabah Dispute: A Postscript," Geoffrey Marston revisits the territorial conflict over Sabah, addressing critiques of his earlier analysis. He reaffirms Malaysia's sovereignty over Sabah, emphasizing the significance of historical agreements and the principle of self-determination. Marston also discusses the role of international law in resolving such disputes.

National Historical Commission of the Philippines. (2025, February 28). Statement on the Chinese claims on Palawan. https://bit.ly/NHCP-Statement-Chinese-Claims-Palawan

In this official statement, the National Historical Commission of the Philippines reaffirms historical and sovereign claims over Palawan in response to Chinese assertions. While focused on Palawan, the document emphasizes the importance of historical evidence in territorial disputes, offering insight into how similar historical narratives are used by the Sulu heirs in their Sabah claims.

1915 Carpenter’s Agreement. (2016, March 22). https://suluonlinelibrary.wordpress.com/treaties-and-agreements-2/1915-carpenters-agreement/

The 1915 Carpenter’s Agreement formalized the transfer of political authority from the Sultanate of Sulu to the United States, limiting the Sultan’s role to religious leadership. This document is critical for understanding the erosion of Sulu sovereignty under American colonial policy. Its legacy continues to influence debates surrounding the Sulu heirs’ claims and the legal foundations of sovereignty disputes in the region.

Reuters. (2013, March 22). International community condemns Lahad Datu incursion. Reuters Archive. http://www.reuters.com/article/lahad-datu-international

Reuters documents the widespread international condemnation of the Lahad Datu incursion by forces claiming loyalty to the Sulu Sultanate. The article demonstrates global support for Malaysia’s sovereignty, revealing the significant diplomatic obstacles faced by the Sulu heirs.

Reuters. (2013, March 20). Malaysia reaffirms sovereignty after Lahad Datu incursion. Reuters Archive. http://www.reuters.com/article/malaysia-lahad-datu

This Reuters report captures Malaysia’s strong reaffirmation of sovereignty over Sabah following the Lahad Datu incident. The government’s firm stance illustrates how historical claims by the Sulu heirs are met with nationalistic and legal countermeasures. The article is essential for understanding the enduring relevance of the Sulu question in contemporary Malaysian foreign policy.

Saleeby, N. M. (1908). The History of Sulu. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41771/41771-h/41771-h.htm

The History of Sulu by Najeeb M. Saleeby (1908) offers a comprehensive account of the Sulu Archipelago's rich history, culture, and political structures. It delves into the origins of the Sulu Sultanate, its interactions with neighboring regions, and its resistance against colonial powers like Spain and the United States. The work highlights the Sultanate’s role as a major power in Southeast Asia, exploring its economic, religious, and societal influences. This seminal text remains a key resource for understanding the history of Sulu and its significance in shaping Philippine and Southeast Asian history.

Sidik, A. (2022). Tracing the Origin of Sulu claim to North Borneo [Dissertation, Selinus University]. https://www.uniselinus.education/sites/default/files/2023-03/sidik_amde_bin.pdf

The dissertation, Tracing the Origin of the Sulu Claim to North Borneo, by Amde Sidik (2022) examines the historical and legal foundations of the Sulu Sultanate's claim to North Borneo (Sabah). It explores key treaties, agreements, and colonial actions that shaped the territorial dispute, analyzing the geopolitical dynamics between the Philippines, Malaysia, and colonial powers. By providing in-depth historical research, the study highlights the complexities surrounding Sabah's sovereignty and its implications for international relations in Southeast Asia. This dissertation is a valuable resource for understanding the Sulu claim to Sabah and its enduring impact on regional politics.

United States War Department. (1917). Annual report of the Secretary of War: Volume 3 (Chief of the Insular Affairs, Government of Puerto Rico, Philippine Commission). Government Printing Office.

The 1917 Annual Report of the Secretary of War offers detailed accounts of U.S. administration in the Philippines, including governance issues in the Sulu Archipelago. The report sheds light on how colonial policies affected local sovereignty and Sulu governance structures.

Andres, L. (2024, November 12). 'Heirs' now free to lease Sabah to China, Philippines, says lawyer. NST Online. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2024/11/1133203/heirs-now-free-lease-sabah-china-philippines-says-lawyer

The article 'Heirs' Now Free to Lease Sabah to China, Philippines, Says Lawyer by L. Andres (2024) discusses the legal ruling that Paul Cohen, the lead lawyer for the Sulu claimants, contends allows the heirs of the Sulu Sultanate to lease Sabah to foreign entities. This claim has sparked concerns, particularly from other legal experts such as Minister Azalina, about Malaysia's territorial sovereignty and the broader geopolitical implications for Southeast Asia. The article highlights the ongoing Sabah dispute and its potential impact on regional dynamics.

Berbell, C. (2025, February 6). La Audiencia Provincial de Madrid tumba la querella por prevaricación contra el LAJ del TSJM en el caso Stampa. ConfiLegal. https://confilegal.com/20250206-la-audiencia-provincial-de-madrid-tumba-la-querella-por-prevaricacion-contra-el-laj-del-tsjm-en-el-caso-stampa/

Berbell reports on the dismissal of a criminal complaint against the Secretary of the High Court of Justice of Madrid in the controversial Stampa arbitration case. The article highlights the complex legal battles surrounding the annulment of the arbitrator’s authority in the Sulu heirs' claim.

Bloomberg Law. (2024). Arbitrator’s guilty verdict puts UK funder’s investment at risk. Bloomberg Law. https://news.bloomberglaw.com/business-and-practice/arbitrators-guilty-verdict-puts-uk-funders-investment-at-risk

This Bloomberg Law article examines the financial and legal implications of a guilty verdict against an arbitrator (Gonzalo Stampa) connected to the Sulu case. The piece underscores how the ruling jeopardizes the UK-based funder Therium’s significant investment in the arbitration proceedings. It highlights the intersection of litigation funding and international legal controversies.

Bloomberg Law. (2024). Dutch court rules in favor of Malaysia, adding to funder's loss. https://news.bloomberglaw.com/business-and-practice/dutch-court-rules-in-favor-of-malaysia-adding-to-funders-loss

Bloomberg Law reports on a Dutch court ruling siding with Malaysia in the ongoing Sulu arbitration conflict. The decision represents another financial setback for litigation funder Therium and highlights growing legal obstacles to enforcing arbitration awards against sovereign states. The article is significant for tracking the diminishing prospects of the Sulu heirs’ legal campaign.

Bunyan, J. (2024, March 9). ‘Frivolous and baseless’: Govt ready to fight new claims by another group of ‘Sulu heirs’, says Azalina. Malay Mail. https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2024/03/09/frivolous-and-baseless-govt-ready-to-fight-new-claims-by-another-group-of-sulu-heirs-says-azalina/122392#google_vignette

The Malay Mail article by John Bunyan (2024) reports on Malaysia’s response to new claims from another group of individuals claiming to be heirs of the Sulu Sultanate. Minister Azalina Othman Said dismissed the claims as “frivolous and baseless,” vowing that the government is prepared to defend Malaysia's sovereignty in court. The article highlights Malaysia's ongoing legal battle over Sabah, emphasizing the government's commitment to protecting its territorial integrity against these new assertions.

Case Law Digest. (2024, February 23). High Court Emphasizes Legal Principles in Your Lawyers Limited v Capital Interchange Limited Case. https://caselawdigest.com/summaries/high-court-chancery-division/your-lawyers-limited-v-capital-interchange-limited-anor

The article "High Court Emphasizes Legal Principles in Your Lawyers Limited v Capital Interchange Limited Case" (2024) analyzes a significant legal dispute involving breach of non-disclosure agreements and issues of confidentiality related to Therium. The case underscores the importance of legal frameworks in resolving complex disputes as well as some controversy behind Therium.

De Miguel, R. (2023, June 22). The Fascinating Tale of a Multimillion-Dollar Lawsuit Featuring Sultans, Oil and a Renegade Lawyer. EL PAÍS English. https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-06-22/the-fascinating-tale-of-a-multimillion-dollar-lawsuit-featuring-sultans-oil-and-a-renegade-lawyer.html

The Fascinating Tale of a Multimillion-Dollar Lawsuit Featuring Sultans, Oil, and a Renegade Lawyer by Rafa De Miguel delves into the high-stakes legal battle over Sabah, involving the heirs of the Sulu Sultanate, oil revenues, and international arbitration. It examines the complex interplay of historical claims, modern geopolitics, and controversial lawyer Paul Cohen’s role in pursuing the multimillion-dollar lawsuit. This case highlights the enduring disputes over Sabah's sovereignty and resource rights in Southeast Asia.

Echeminada, P. (2025, January 3). Carpenter-Kiram Treaty included Sabah as U.S. protectorate, MSUM convenor claims. Daily Tribune. https://tribune.net.ph/2025/01/03/carpenter-kiram-treaty-included-sabah-as-us-protectorate-msum-convenor-claims

Echeminada discusses MSUM spokesperson Abraham Idjirani’s assertion that the Carpenter-Kiram Treaty placed Sabah under U.S. protection. As a journalist with frequent direct access to Idjirani, Echeminada offers unique insight into the Sultanate of Sulu’s evolving legal arguments. The article reinforces the historical narratives used by the Sulu heirs in their contemporary claims.

Echiminada, P. (2025, March 1). MSUM: Philippine maritime laws contradict Carpenter-Kiram Treaty of 1915. Daily Tribune. https://tribune.net.ph/2025/03/01/msum-philippine-maritime-laws-contradict-carpenter-kiram-treaty-of-1915

Echiminada presents MSUM arguments, voiced by Abraham Idjirani, that current Philippine maritime laws conflict with the historic Carpenter-Kiram Treaty. Known for interviewing key Sulu representatives, Echiminada provides critical updates on how treaty interpretation is shaping the Sulu heirs’ legal approach.

Echeminada, P. (2025, January 17). MSUM reminds Trump of American Monroe Doctrine in Sulu Treaty breach. Daily Tribune. https://tribune.net.ph/2025/01/17/msum-reminds-trump-of-american-monroe-doctrine-in-sulu-treaty-breach

Echeminada covers MSUM's outreach invoking the Monroe Doctrine to emphasize U.S. responsibility in the Sabah dispute. Drawing from interviews with Sultanate officials and MSUM sources, Echeminada captures the diplomatic strategies employed by the Sulu heirs.

Echiminada, P. (2025, January 21). MSUM to invoke ancient China-Sulu treaty for UN recognition. Daily Tribune. https://tribune.net.ph/2025/01/20/msum-to-invoke-ancient-china-sulu-treaty-for-un-recognition

Echiminada reports on plans by the Sulu Sultanate to use historical China-Sulu relations to seek UN recognition. The author provides an inside view of how ancient diplomatic ties are being leveraged in modern claims. This highlights the strategic use of historical alliances in the Sulu heirs’ campaign.

Echiminada, P. (2025, March 6). Sultanate emissary to visit US State Department after Ramadan. Daily Tribune. https://tribune.net.ph/2025/03/06/sultanate-emissary-to-visit-us-state-department-after-ramadan

Echiminada reports on upcoming diplomatic efforts by the Sultanate of Sulu, including a planned visit to the US State Department. His consistent access to MSUM officials and the Sultanate’s Secretary-General offers readers insider perspectives on international lobbying strategies. This article emphasizes the Sultanate’s continued pursuit of global support for its territorial claims.

Echiminada, P. (2025, February 26). Sultanate of Sulu makes contact with US Department of State. Daily Tribune. https://tribune.net.ph/2025/02/26/sultanate-of-sulu-makes-contact-with-us-department-of-state

Echiminada details the Sultanate of Sulu’s recent engagement with the US Department of State, adding another dimension to their ongoing diplomatic initiatives. His close coverage of statements from MSUM spokesperson Abraham Idjirani gives this piece relevance in understanding international outreach efforts tied to the Sulu heirs’ case.

Echeminada, P. (2025, February 27). Sulu Sultanate invokes 1915 treaty. Daily Tribune. https://tribune.net.ph/2025/02/27/sulu-sultanate-invokes-1915-treaty

Echeminada highlights how the Sultanate of Sulu continues to rely on the 1915 Carpenter-Kiram Treaty in its sovereignty assertions. Through direct reporting informed by regular communication with Abraham Idjirani, the article illustrates how historical agreements are central to the Sultanate’s claims in modern international law and arbitration contexts.

Echeminada, P. (2025, January 29). Sultanate of Sulu to request U.S. Secretary Rubio’s endorsement for UN petition. Daily Tribune. https://tribune.net.ph/2025/01/29/sultanate-of-sulu-to-request-us-secretary-rubios-endorsement-for-un-petition

Echeminada outlines the Sultanate’s intention to seek the endorsement of U.S. Secretary Rubio for their UN petition, reflecting a strategy to leverage diplomatic recognition. His privileged access to Sultanate communications provides readers with firsthand insights into international political maneuvers by the Sulu heirs.

Echeminada, P. (2025, January 25). Sultanate of Sulu to seek Trump endorsement of 2004 UN Petition. Daily Tribune. https://tribune.net.ph/2025/01/25/sultanate-of-sulu-to-seek-trump-endorsement-of-2004-un-petition

Echeminada reports on the Sultanate’s plans to seek President Trump’s endorsement of their long-standing UN petition. The article provides insight into the heirs’ efforts to secure high-level political support for their sovereignty claims.

El Progreso. (2025, March 10). Dieciocho mil millones de razones por las que Europa necesita leyes más estrictas sobre la financiación de litigios. El Progreso. https://www.elprogreso.es/gl/articulo/comunicados/dieciocho-mil-millones-razones-que-europa-necesita-leyes-mas-estrictas-financiacion-litigios/202503101017571855923.amp.html

El Progreso examines the financial risks and legal complexities of unchecked litigation funding, using the Sulu heirs’ $18 billion claim as a prominent example. The article underscores European calls for tighter regulation of litigation funding practices to avoid geopolitical conflicts and abuses.

Euronews. (2024, February 19). The Sultanate of Sulu case shows the litigation funding industry is abusing the global legal system. Euronews. https://www.euronews.com/2024/02/19/the-sultanate-of-sulu-case-shows-the-litigation-funding-industry-is-abusing-the-global-leg

Euronews highlights how the Sulu arbitration case has brought global attention to abuses within the litigation funding industry. The article emphasizes the growing debate over ethical boundaries and regulation in funding sovereign disputes.

Malaysia Sulu Case. (n.d.). Malaysia Sulu Case. https://www.malaysia-sulucase.gov.my/

The official Malaysia Sulu Case website presents Malaysia’s legal positions and updates on the international arbitration with the Sulu heirs. It serves as a primary resource for official statements and court documentation, critical for understanding Malaysia’s defense and strategy.

Nardell, G. (2024, February 3). Carry on regardless? The Sulu case, arbitrator authority and principles of recognition. Wolters Kluwer. https://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2024/02/03/carry-on-regardless-the-sulu-case-arbitrator-authority-and-principles-of-recognition/

Nardell examines the controversial role of arbitrator Gonzalo Stampa in the Sulu heirs case, highlighting legal debates surrounding arbitrator authority after annulment rulings. The article explores questions of jurisdiction, recognition, and enforcement of arbitration awards, particularly in politically sensitive cases like Sabah. This analysis is significant for understanding international arbitration challenges and procedural legitimacy in cases involving sovereignty claims.

Nikkei Asia. (2023, September 5). Inside Malaysia’s $15bn Battle with the Lost Sultanate of Sulu. https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/The-Big-Story/Inside-Malaysia-s-15bn-battle-with-the-lost-Sultanate-of-Sulu

The article Inside Malaysia’s $15bn Battle with the Lost Sultanate of Sulu by Nikkei Asia (2023) explores Malaysia's legal fight against the heirs of the Sulu Sultanate, who are pursuing a $15 billion arbitration award over Sabah. Key players include Sultan Muedzul-Lail Tan Kiram, one of the competing leaders of the Sulu Sultanate, the Sulu heirs, Malaysia's government, and Spanish arbitrator Gonzalo Stampa, whose controversial ruling has escalated the dispute. The article examines colonial-era agreements, the global legal battle spanning Europe and Asia, and the geopolitical risks tied to Sabah's oil-rich territory.

Othman, F. S. (2019, February 25). VAT 69 commando shares Lahad Datu combat experience after 6 years. NST Online. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/02/463638/vat-69-commando-shares-lahad-datu-combat-experience-after-6-years

In the article "VAT 69 Commando Shares Lahad Datu Combat Experience After 6 Years," Othman (2019) provides a firsthand account from a member of Malaysia's elite VAT 69 unit involved in the 2013 Lahad Datu standoff. The piece offers insights into the challenges faced during the confrontation with armed intruders from the self-proclaimed Royal Security Forces of the Sultanate of Sulu

Parry, R. L. (2024, November 12). Court Rules on Malaysia’s $15 billion Sulu Saga after 146 years. The Times. https://www.thetimes.com/world/asia/article/court-ends-malaysias-15-billion-sulu-saga-after-146-years-sxz52b3tb

The article Court Rules on Malaysia’s $15 Billion Sulu Saga After 146 Years by R. L. Parry (2024) covers the resolution of the lengthy legal battle between Malaysia and the heirs of the Sulu Sultanate, who had sought a $15 billion arbitration award over Sabah. The court ruling declared the arbitration award, issued by Spanish arbitrator Gonzalo Stampa, to be invalid, effectively ending the claim to the vast sum. The article explores the historical roots of the dispute, dating back to 1878, and the ruling's significance in protecting Malaysia's sovereignty and addressing the long-running territorial claim.

Rusli, M.H. and Mazlan, M.A. (2013, March 12). Sultan of Sulu’s Sabah claim: A case of ‘Long-Lost’ sovereignty? https://rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/rsis/1933-sultan-of-sulus-sabah-claim/

Rusli and Mazlan explore the historical and legal complexities of the Sultan of Sulu's claim to Sabah, questioning the validity of these assertions under international law. The article assesses colonial treaties, sovereignty principles, and geopolitical implications, offering crucial context for current legal disputes. This work is valuable for understanding the historical basis behind the Sulu heirs’ ongoing litigation.

The Edge Malaysia. (2025, February 17). High Court of Justice of Madrid confirms Stampa’s annulment as arbitrator in Sulu case. The Edge Malaysia. https://theedgemalaysia.com/node/744739

The Edge Malaysia reports on the Madrid High Court's confirmation of Gonzalo Stampa’s annulment as arbitrator in the Sulu case, effectively discrediting the $15 billion arbitration award. The decision underscores legal boundaries in international arbitration and has direct implications for Malaysia’s defense against the Sulu heirs’ claim.

Tzanakopoulos, A. & Tams, C. J. (2019). The Settlement of International Disputes: Current Problems in International Law. https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004386242/BP000108.xml

Tzanakopoulos and Tams provide a scholarly examination of the complexities in resolving international disputes through arbitration and litigation, with discussion on state sovereignty, recognition, and enforcement issues. The volume offers valuable theoretical frameworks for understanding international arbitration challenges like those faced in the Sabah dispute.

Wikileaks. (2013, March 18). Cable on Sulu incursion and Fuad Kiram’s recognition [Diplomatic cables]. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/07MANILA1231_a.html

The Wikileaks diplomatic cable offers insight into the the recognition of Fuad Kiram as Sultan by key militants. This document provides political context for Fuad Kiram’s involvement in the Lahad-Datu Incursion.

Williams, D. (2023, October 25). Class action funding: Paccar and now Therium. DWF Group. https://dwfgroup.com/en/news-and-insights/insights/2023/10/class-action-funding-paccar-and-now-therium

Williams examines developments in litigation funding following the Paccar case, focusing on how firms like Therium operate within evolving legal frameworks. The article discusses the increasing scrutiny on funders’ responsibilities, which is relevant given Therium’s involvement in financing the Sulu heirs’ arbitration and the criticism they have faced.

Winward, R. (2022, July 1). The ECU Group Plc v HSBC Bank Plc & Ors [2022]. Winward Chambers. https://www.winward.uk/updates/the-ecu-group-plc-v-hsbc-bank-plc-amp-ors-2022-ewhc-1616

Winward outlines the ECU Group’s case against HSBC for alleged breaches related to financial advice and confidentiality. The case highlights key legal principles around trust, breach, and fiduciary duties that are relevant in discussions of litigation funding ethics and the conduct of Therium.

Womack, J. (2024, June 6). Litigation Funder Therium Accused of ‘Wilful Negligence’ in ‘Rogue Arbitration’ Lawsuit. Law.com International. https://www.law.com/international-edition/2024/06/04/litigation-funder-therium-accused-of-wilful-negligence-in-rogue-arbitration-lawsuit/?slreturn=20250129113238

In "Litigation Funder Therium Accused of 'Wilful Negligence' in 'Rogue Arbitration' Lawsuit," Womack (2024) reports on allegations against Therium Capital Management for its role in financing a $15 billion arbitration claim by individuals asserting descent from the Sultanate of Sulu. The article discusses the legal challenges and implications surrounding the enforcement of the arbitration award, highlighting ongoing disputes over historical territorial claims and the complexities of modern litigation funding in cases related to the Sulu Sultanate.